ENAM Gene Variation in Students Exposed to Different Fluoride Concentrations

The ENAM gene is important in the formation of tooth enamel; an alteration can affect the lengthening of the crystals, and the thickness in enamel. The objective was to determine the presence of the single nucleotide variant (SNV) rs12640848 of the ENAM gene in students exposed to different concentrations of fluoride. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on students exposed to high concentrations of fluoride in the city of Durango which were divided according to the severity of fluorosis and dental caries. Genotype determination was performed by DNA sequencing. The relationship between the severity of dental fluorosis and the allele distribution was determined by the Fisher’s exact and Kruskal–Wallis tests. Results: Seventy-one students were included for the sequencing. In the different allelic variations, for the normal genotype AA/TT, the control group presented 75%, for the AG/TC variation, 70.8% in the TF ≤ 4 group, 65% in TF ≥ 5, and 16.7% in TF = 0; with respect to GG/CC variation, 12.5% in TF ≤ 4, 22% in TF ≥ 5, and 8.3% in TF = 0 group (p = 0.000). Conclusion: The ENAM gene showed an association in the population exposed to different concentrations of fluorid

Environmental Exposure of Arsenic in Groundwater Associated to Carcinogenic Risk in Underweight Children Exposed to Fluorides

Background: The purpose of this study was to determine the concentration of inorganic arsenic (As) in the potable water available to the population to be able to estimate the non-carcinogenic risks for underweight children and the carcinogenic risk for adults exposed to As intake who live in the Mezquital municipality, Durango, Mexico. Methods: The As content was quantifed in the water supply sources for human use and its intake was estimated in Mezquital population, southern Durango. With the data obtained, the hazard quotient (HQ) was calculated to determine the non-carcinogenic risk to develop chronic systemic effects in underweight children. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) reference health values estimating As exposure risk are from 0.0003 mg/kg/day (non-carcinogenic) to 1.5 mg/kg/day (carcinogenic risk). Results: The analyzed waters presented as concentrations that varied from 0.3 to 10.2 µg/L, with a mean of 7.35 µg/L (CI 95% 6.27-8.38). The exposure dose was 0.4 to 1.36, and the HQ was 1.90 to 6.48 mg/kg/day, the estimated carcinogenic risk from adults varied from 1.28 to 4.37E-4, with values of 3.74-4.37E-4 mg/kg/day in central area. Conclusions: The children are at risk to develop chronic systemic effects due to ingestion of As from water

Immunohistochemical profile of odontogenic myxoma, with a focus on microvascular density and tumor aggressiveness markers

Con el fin de tener una mayor comprensión sobre el comportamiento biológico del mixoma odontogénico (MO), se realizó inmunohistoquímica en 31 muestras, utilizando marcadores relacionados con mecanismos de progresión tumoral (adhesión, angiogénesis, apoptosis, inflamación y proliferación celular). El epitelio odontogénico fue detectado en cuatro muestras mediante CK19 y CD138, este último, mostró expresión baja en matriz extracelular (MEC) y alta en las células tumorales. La microdensidad vascular (MDV) media fue de 7.51 y 5.35 vasos marcados con CD34 y VEGF-A respectivamente. Una alta expresión de Orosomucoide-1 y Mast Cell Tryptase se observó células tumorales y en MEC. El MO mostró negatividad para Calretinina. Este perfil inmunohistoquímico, la baja expresión para Ki-67, Bcl-2 y p53, y la relativamente baja MDV, sugieren que la actividad proliferativa, anti-apoptótica o angiogénica no representan los principales mecanismos de crecimiento del MO, los cuales podrían estar asociados a eventos como inmunomodulación y degradación de la MEC

Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition Associated with Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinomas: A Review

Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) are aggressive, recurrent, and metastatic neoplasms with a high occurrence around the world and can lead to death when not treated appropriately. Several molecules and signaling pathways are involved in the malignant conversion process. Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been described in HNSCCs, a major type of aggressive carcinoma. EMT describes the development of epithelial cells into mesenchymal cells, which depends on several molecular interactions and signaling pathways that facilitate mesenchymal conversion. This is related to interactions with the microenvironment of the tumor, hypoxia, growth factors, matrix metalloproteinases, and the presence of viral infections. In this review, we focus on the main molecules related to EMT, their interactions with the tumor microenvironment, plasticity phenomena, epigenetic regulation, hypoxia, inflammation, their relationship with immune cells, and the inhibition of EMT in the context of HNSCC

New technologies in higher education. Perception study among students on the use of WhatsApp and Virtual Learning Environments (Moodle Platform)

El presente trabajo tiene como finalidad la valoración estudiantil respecto al uso de WhatsApp (WAP) y los Entornos Virtuales de Aprendizaje (EVA) en la Facultad de Odontología (FO), de la Udelar (Montevideo – Uruguay). Se realizó estudio descriptivo observacional en estudiantes de la generación 2016 - FO - UdelaR. Se utilizó una encuesta con 5 items en relación a tres aplicaciones tecnológicas (WhatsApp, Plataforma Moodle y Polimedias), fueron valorados de 0-12 puntos. En WhatsApp se consultó acerca de la posibilidad de consultar dudas, compartir imágenes, informarse, interactuar con el docente y compañeros, dando como resultado en cada item un puntaje promedio de 10.77-10.63- 10.63-10.63 y 9.20 respectivamente. En EVA se consultaron los mismos ítems salvo el dos (fue acceder a presentaciones de clase), recibiendo un puntaje promedio de 8.53-11.27-10.33-9.47 y 5.53. Se percibe un alto grado de aceptación entre las diferentes tecnologías, con un mayor grado de aceptación en cuanto a la comunicación de WhatsApp frente a la plataforma Moodle.The aim of this work was to have students evaluate the use of WhatsApp and Virtual Learning Environments (VLE) at the School of Dentistry, UdelaR (Montevideo - Uruguay). An observational descriptive study was conducted on students of the 2016 generation. A survey with five items was applied, including three technological applications (WhatsApp, Moodle Platform and Polimedias), which were rated 0 to 12 points. As for WhatsApp, we asked about the possibility of clarifying doubts, sharing images, getting information, interacting with the teacher and classmates. The average score obtained was 10.77-10.63-10.63-10.63 and 9.20 for each item, respectively. In VLE, the same items were included except for number two (access to class presentations), receiving an average score of 8.53-11.27-10.33-9.47 and 5.53. There is a high degree of acceptance of the different technologies, WhatsApp communication being more widely accepted than communication in the Moodle platform

Alteración del gen AMELX en amelogénesis imperfecta. Una breve revisión

Amelogenesis imperfecta is a group of developmental disorders of the dental enamel that is mainly associated with mutations in the AMELX gene. Clinically, it presents different phenotypes that affect the structure and function of dental enamel both in primary and secondary dentition. The purpose of this study was to conduct a literature review on the AMELX functions and mutations that are related to amelogenesis imperfecta. A literature search was carried out in two databases: PubMed and Web of Science, using the keywords “AMELX”, “amelogenin”, “amelogenesis imperfecta” and “AMELX mutation”. Forty articles were reviewed, with AMELX being found to be the predominant gene in the development of dental enamel and amelogenesis imperfecta by altering the structure of amelogenin. In the past few years, the characteristics of the amelogenesis imperfecta process have been described with different phenotypes of hypoplastic or hypo-mineralized enamel, and different mutations have been reported, by means of which the gene sequencing and the position of mutations have been determined

Tomografía computarizada de haz cónico como auxiliar para el tratamiento de incisivo superior con anatomía inusual: reporte de un caso.

Resumen El fracaso en el tratamiento de conductos puede conducir a la pérdida del órgano dental, distintos factores han sido reportados como causantes del fracaso en la terapia endodóntica, dentro de estos factores los conductos omitidos tienen un influencia mayor debido a que permiten una colonización y multiplicación de las bacterias dentro del conducto radicular. Variaciones anatómicas anormales pueden aumentar las posibilidades de fracaso debido a la imposibilidad de diagnosticar de manera correcta, es en estos casos que la tomografía computarizada de haz cónico ha demostrado ser de gran ayuda para interpretarlas